Galaxies in Collision

European scientists use the Hubble Space Telescope to catch merging galaxies in the act

July 15, 1999: Exciting new images of more than a dozen very distant colliding galaxies have been obtained by a European-led team of astronomers using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. These colliding objects are part of a large concentration of galaxies, a galaxy cluster. Though collisions have been observed in other clusters, this particular cluster displays by far the largest number ever seen. To astronomers, the finding indicates that, at least in some cases, big massive galaxies form through collisions between smaller ones.

Right: This galaxy cluster, called MS1054-03, is 8 billion light-years away -- one of the most distant known groups of galaxies. Although hundreds of galaxies appear in this NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image, a European-led team of astronomers has studied in detail 81 galaxies that certainly belong to the cluster, 13 of which are remnants of recent collisions or pairs of colliding galaxies. This is by far the largest number of colliding galaxies ever found in a cluster.

The Hubble Space Telescope studied 81 galaxies in the galaxy cluster MS1054-03, 13 of which are remnants of recent collisions or pairs of colliding galaxies. The 10-meter W.M. Keck Telescope was used to select these 81 cluster galaxies.

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The cluster is 8 billion light-years away, one of the most distant known so far and thus a key target for astronomers facing the problem of how galaxies formed when the universe was young. The cluster's light has taken so long to reach us that astronomers see it now as it was when the universe was less than half its present age.

"It has been a real surprise," says team leader Pieter van Dokkum, from Groningen and Leiden universities (The Netherlands). "Collisions had never been observed before at this frequency. Many of the collisions involve very massive galaxies, and the end result will be even more massive galaxies."

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Although during the collision the stars in the galaxies do not run into each other, their orbits are strongly disturbed by huge tidal forces caused by the gravitational pull. As a result, the "parent" galaxies lose their shape and smoother galaxies are formed. Clearly defined spiral galaxies, for instance, produce large featureless elliptical galaxies. The whole merging process can take less than a billion years, a relatively short time scale in astronomy.

"The Hubble image shows the paired galaxies very close together, with distorted morphologies," explains Marijn Franx, from the University of Leiden. "We can even see streams of stars being pulled out of the galaxies."

These new images from the Hubble Space Telescope will appear in the August 1 issue of Astrophysical Journal Letters. To the authors the data strongly support a Big Bang model prediction that says that large galaxies were formed from smaller ones in many generations of mergers. It contradicts the idea that there was, in the past, a kind of 'galaxy boom' event in which all big massive galaxies were born at the same time.

Right: A gallery of HST images showing distant galaxies in various stages of collision. The merging galaxies have weird, distorted shapes unlike normal spiral or elliptical galaxies. Some show streams of stars apparently being pulled from one galaxy into another. All of the galaxy pairs shown here are located in a larger grouping of galaxies known as MS1054-03.

As Franx states, "the evidence for the theories of galaxy formation through collisions had been strong, but circumstantial. Here we finally see a large number of galaxies caught in the act. If observed in other distant clusters, it would represent a general confirmation for a crucial aspect of our galaxy formation theories."

Collisions are much rarer today than they were in the past, but not impossible. Our own spiral galaxy, the Milky Way, is currently "eating up" several small satellite galaxies. Within 5 to 10 billion years -- some computer simulations show -- the Milky Way may collide with the Andromeda galaxy, and the result would be an elliptical galaxy.

Photo credits: Photo Credits: Pieter van Dokkum (University of Groningen), ESA and NASA

STScI press release - July 15, 1999

Hubble Space Telescope home page - at STScI

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