Spacelab joined diverse scientists and disciplines on 28 Shuttle missions
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In the process, Spacelab brought together scientists whose diverse disciplines would have kept them from meeting but for one fact. Their experiments somehow made the right fit, or at least did not interfere, so they could fly together.
Above: Mission specialist Cady Coleman (left) and payload specialist Fred Leslie of NASA/Marshall work inside the Spacelab module during the USML-2 mission in 1995. (NASA)
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"It was a pleasure to be part of a program where you could count on everyone. It was a wonderful experience to be involved in so many different fields of science." On his flight in 1985, Acton, a solar physicist, also worked on experiments in plant growth, vitamin D metabolism, and infrared, X-ray, and cosmic ray astrophysics.
Spacelab was developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) in the 1970s and early '80s as its entry into manned space flight. When Space Shuttle development started in the early 1970s, NASA recognized that it needed a facility that would allow scientists to conduct research on the Shuttle while in orbit. A permanent space station was still several years in the future, and scientists wanted to expand on research and lessons from the Skylab space station.
Right: Telescopes point to the sun during the Spacelab 2 mission in 1985. (NASA)
At the same time, ESA wanted to become involved in manned space flight. After exploring several options, NASA and ESA agreed upon a modular research laboratory - soon called Spacelab - that would fit inside the Shuttle's payload bay. The two basic sets of hardware allowed scientists to conduct experiments inside - protected in a pressurized module - or outside - with instruments mounted on pallets exposed to space.
Building on its experience from the three-man Skylab space station (1973-74), NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center was placed in charge of Spacelab development and missions and, later, payload control during missions. Space Sciences Laboratory scientists would serve as mission scientists and as principal or co-investigators, and large teams would become involved in support roles during the missions.
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Left: The Payload Operations Control Center at NASA/Marshall became familiar to viewers of NASA TV during later Spacelab missions. This was just the "front room" where everything was coordinated. Science teams were set up in their own Science Operations Areas to help direct experiments during the missions. (NASA)
"It's kind of like a science marathon," said Dr. Fred Leslie, a materials scientist with NASA/Marshall. He was a payload specialist for the second U.S. Microgravity Laboratory (USML-2) in 1995.
"Once we unstrap from our seats after launch, there's a lot of things to do," Leslie said. These include helping the pilots stow launch plans and spacesuits, break out orbital plans, and handle other tasks for operations.
"That kind of sets the tone for much of the flight," Leslie continued. "Everything was scheduled to within 5-minute increments. I thought it was ideal because I enjoyed staying busy with experiments."
Right: The size of Spacelab is shown as Spacelab 1 is prepared for integration in Space Shuttle Columbia in 1983. Spacelab 1 comprised a long module (the white cylinder) and a single open pallet (to the right). (NASA)
The first true mission, Spacelab 1, was flown Nov. 28-Dec. 8, 1983, aboard Space Shuttle Columbia. In a mission billed as "science around the world and around the clock," the crew divided into two three-man shifts and worked almost continuously for 10 days. They grew the first protein crystals grown in space, scanned the chemical makeup of the atmosphere, measured radiation from the sun, and experimented with the behavior of fluids.
Left: On the aft flight deck of Space Shuttle Challenger in 1985, Loren Acton operates solar telescopes in the payload bay (second picture in story). (NASA)
The implication was striking: without gravity's effects to pull them down into a mash resembling broken glass, large biological molecules could be grown for analysis by X-rays on Earth. This opened the potential for understanding the structures of proteins that tell viruses, bacteria, immune cells, and enzymes how to work. From this, scientists could develop drugs targeted for a specific function with few side effects. For example, NASA recently announced that such research for the Center for Macromolecular Crystallography in Birmingham, Ala., may lead to drugs the reduce the severity and duration of the flu.
In contrast to Spacelab 1's deliberate effort to demonstrate its utility to all aspects of science, the next two Spacelab missions were dedicated to specific disciplines. Spacelab 3 (March 1985) carried an array of materials science experiments and atmospheric instruments. Spacelab 2 (July 1985) carried instruments to study the sun, stars, and comic rays.
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Science@NASA covered Microgravity Sciences Laboratory-1, the last Spacelab microgravity mission, in 1997. Levitating furnace holds promise for future experiments. July 15, 1998. Nature's "electronic ink" (Sept. 17, 1998) Great bugs of fire (Sept. 16, 1998) Nature's sugar high (Sept. 14, 1998). Liftoff! maintains extensive information on Spacelab and its missions. |
Above: Getting into his work: payload specialist Taylor Wang disappears into the Drop Dynamics Module as he fixes an electrical short that threatened his experiment. (NASA)
Inside, payload specialist Taylor Wang was solving a different kind of power problem. One of three sound generators in his Drop Dynamics Module had shorted out, killing hopes of running experiments on how drops behave. Wang, who also was the principal investigator, got into his work - literally. He opened the rack containing the DDM and, working almost without a break, isolated the failure and rewired part of the DDM. Several dramatic pictures showed Wang with his legs sticking up in the air as the DDM rack appeared to swallow him. With the problem fixed, he worked non-stop to run nearly all of his experiments before the mission had to return home.
Following Spacelab 3 was Spacelab 2 with a cluster of solar telescopes on the new Instrument Pointing System plus X-ray and infrared telescopes and the "Chicago egg," a large cosmic ray detector from the University of Chicago. Although the sun and stars were the focus, Acton noted that the mission "was about as multi-disciplinary as you could imagine. One of the things we learned was that we tried to accommodate and carry out great a variety of experiments.
Spacelab missions went into hiatus, along with the rest of NASA's manned space program, following the tragic loss of Space Shuttle Challenger on Jan. 28, 1986. Shuttle flights resumed in 1988. In late 1990, ASTRO-1 started an increasingly hectic schedule for Spacelab. By the time the series ended in 1998, a total of 28 Space Shuttle missions had carried Spacelab hardware. Five missions used modified pallets to carry mapping radar and other instruments, and thus are not counted as true Spacelab missions. Of the remainder, 15 used the Spacelab long module to house scientists and experiments (the short module option was never flown) and eight used trains of two or three pallets to carry telescopes and other instruments.
ASTRO-1 and -2 carried a battery of three ultraviolet telescopes to observe the universe in light that is filtered out by Earth's atmosphere. A series of three Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science missions (ATLAS-1, -2, -3) reflew atmospheric instruments and solar monitors from earlier Spacelab missions. By flying them together, scientists could calibrate atmospheric measurements made by unmanned satellites launched years earlier.
Above: There's a lot going on inside. The quiet exterior of the Spacelab module - identical from one mission to the next, but for the mission patch on the port side - belied a great deal of activity inside. (NASA)
Several Spacelab missions were dedicated to the science of how materials behave in the microgravity environment of space: two International Microgravity Labs (IML-1 and IML-2), two U.S. Microgravity Labs (USML-1, and -2), Spacelab-J for Japan, Spacelab D2 for Germany, and Microgravity Sciences Laboratory-1 (MSL-1), a forerunner of how science will be conducted aboard the International Space Station.
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Space Shuttle missions carrying Spacelab or Spacelab hardware (italics indicate pressure module, others used pallets)
Note: Does not include non-Spacelab hardware carried on these missions, and excludes missions such as the U.S. Microgravity payloads which were similar but did not use Spacelab hardware. |
Three Spacelabs focused on how life adapts to and changes in space: two Space Life Sciences (SLS-1 and -2) and Neurolab, the last mission to use Spacelab hardware. The Life and Microgravity Sciences mission (LMS) combined both fields. Spacelab has also been pressed into service as a supply carrier with pallets carrying replacement parts to the Hubble Space Telescope and supplies for the Mir space station.
With NASA concentrating on preparations for International Space Station - including a wide array of materials, life sciences, and physics experiments - Spacelab was retired in 1998. While the Spacelab missions were highly successful, they did require a large effort on the part of NASA's science and engineering teams. The hardware is being distributed to space museums, including the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.
But it leaves a distinguished legacy. Lessons about how to conduct science in a demanding and dynamic environment are shaping research on Earth and on ISS. Spacelab has become one of Isaac Newton's "shoulders of titans" on which future space scientists will stand as they shape the 21st century.
More Space Science Headlines - NASA research on the web
Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications information from NASA HQ on science in space
Microgravity Research Programs Office headquartered at Marshall Space Flight Center
Microgravity News online version of NASA's latest in Microgravity advancements, published quarterly
National Academy of Sciences - external link
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