July 7, 2000 -- In October 1965 comet Ikeya-Seki swooped past the Sun barely 450 thousand kilometers above our star's bubbling, fiery surface. Gas and dust exploded away from the comet's core as fierce solar radiation vaporized the icy nucleus. Most comets wouldn't survive passing as close to the Sun as the Moon is to the Earth, but Ikeya-Seki literally came through with flying colors. When the comet emerged from perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) it was so bright that observers on the street with very clear skies could see it during broad daylight if the Sun was hidden behind a house or even an outstretched hand.

Right: This 4-minute exposure of comet Ikeya-Seki was captured by Roger Lynds at Kitt Peak, Arizona, on the morning of 1965 October 29. Copyright© Roger Lynds, all rights reserved. [more information from American Meteor Society]

"In Japan (where observers spied the comet 1/2 degree from the Sun) it was described as 10 times brighter than the Full Moon," recounted Brian Marsden of the Harvard Center for

 

Astrophysics in the December 1965 issue of Sky & Telescope. "At Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona, Stephen Maran observed the comet with binoculars from within the shadow of a black disk erected to hide the Sun. '[It was] the most splendid thing I have ever seen,' he noted."

Ikeya-Seki, a.k.a. "The Great Comet of 1965", is a member of the family of comets called Kreutz sungrazers (after the nineteenth-century German astronomer who studied them in some detail). These ill-fated visitors to the inner solar system have been seen to pass less than 50,000 km above the Sun's photosphere. Most never make it past perihelion -- they are completely obliterated. But the few that do, like Ikeya-Seki, can be very bright.

 

Sign up for EXPRESS SCIENCE NEWS delivery

"There are 2 or 3 really bright ones like Ikeya-Seki every century," says Brian Marsden. "Most of these sungrazers are fragments from the breakup of a giant comet at least 2000 years ago, perhaps the one that the Greek astronomer Ephorus saw in 372 BC. Ephorus reported that the comet split in two. This can be made to fit with my calculation that Ikeya-Seki and an even better Kreutz sungrazer observed in 1882 split off from each other when their parent revisited the Sun around AD 1100. Splits have occurred again and again, producing the sungrazer family, all still coming from the same direction."

The nucleus of Ikeya-Seki was probably some kilometers across. Tinier pieces of Ephorus's comet streak past the Sun every day. Measuring perhaps only ten meters in diameter, they brighten briefly as they approach the Sun and disappear forever when they vaporize above the photosphere. Most of the faint fragments must have escaped detection entirely..

Now, thanks to coronagraphs on board the orbiting ESA/NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), amateur and professional astronomers can easily monitor the sky around the Sun for the telltale streaks of faint sungrazers. All that's needed is a computer and a connection to the internet.

"In late1998 we put SOHO's realtime coronagraph movies online so that anyone with an internet connection could access the data" says Doug Biesecker, a solar physicist at the Goddard Space Flight Center and SOHO's champion comet hunter with 47 finds. "Over a three year period before that time we had found 58 comets near the Sun in SOHO images. Now the total is up to nearly 170. Amateur astronomers watching coronagraph movies on the web are responsible for nearly all of the new finds this year. They're keeping me very busy!"

Editor's note: The pace of SOHO comet discoveries has accelerated to such an extent that during the author's 45 minute interview with Biesecker, two new comets were found!
  A coronagraph is a device that blocks the glare of the Sun so that the faint corona, as well as surrounding stars and planets, are visible. It's a sophisticated version of the black disk Stephen Maran used to see Ikeya-Seki in 1965. The SOHO spacecraft carries two coronagraphs, one with a 3-degree field of view (the "C2" coronagraph) and another with a 16-degree field of view (the "C3" coronagraph). SOHO is located at the L1 point 1.5 million kilometers from the Earth in the direction of the Sun. It enjoys an uninterrupted view of our star.

Right: The SOHO C2 coronagraph captured this image of a sungrazing comet 0.75 degrees from the Sun on April 29, 2000. The solid brick-colored disk in the middle is the coronagraph's occulting disk; the white circle shows the true size of the Sun. The comet was noticed by four different amateur astronomers who were monitoring images from SOHO's realtime data page. All four (M. Boschat, T. Lovejoy, M. Oates, R. Gorelli) are credited with the discovery. The same comet was visible a day earlier in wider-angle C3 images, but it was much fainter. This 4-frame animation of the comet illustrates why it is easier to find sungrazers when they are very close to the Sun.

One of the most successful amateur comet hunters is Michael Boschat. He's credited (or shares credit) with a dozen discoveries since March 2000.

"I use the C3 512 x 512 pixel images," explains Boschat. "They appear on the SOHO site every 30 minutes and I download them as soon as they do. After I have four images I begin to loop them using GIF animation software that can be found on the Internet. I usually loop them at four frames per second looking for an object that is moving towards the Sun in a steady manner. I also use a magnifying glass to watch the possible comet move. After I feel it is a comet I put my mouse arrow as near as possible to the object to get the X and Y coordinates then send all that information off via email to Douglas Biesecker at Goddard."

All of the comets identified in images from SOHO are called "comet SOHO" followed by a number denoting the order of discovery. This differs from the traditional convention of naming a comet after the person who finds it. The most recent confirmed sungrazer, as of July 4, 2000, was comet SOHO-143. The International Astronomical Union's official designation for SOHO-143 is C/1998 K15, because the actual images were obtained in 1998, with the K15 indicating that this was the fifteenth comet (of any description) found during the second half of May.

"It started in the early 1980s with the SOLWIND mission, which also carried a coronagraph," explains Biesecker. "SOLWIND detected 6 sungrazers and they were all named after the satellite. The tradition continued for the Solar Maximum Mission (10 comets) and now for SOHO (143 confirmed comets and counting). It's reasonable because all of the comet finds have to be confirmed by mission scientists who are familiar with the hardware. Cosmic rays, noise in the detectors and other factors can mimic comets and we have to carefully examine each one. It's really a team effort."

"In the early 1980s there were also the 'IRAS' comets, found by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite," added Marsden. "Most of the comets found nowadays from the ground--and far from the sun--are named 'LINEAR', acronym for the Lincoln Near Earth Asteroid Research team, which scans the sky intensely with a U.S. Air Force telescope." (One of these is about to become a naked eye object in late July, 2000.)

Above: Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 was broken into many pieces during a close encounter with the planet Jupiter in 1992. Two years later it came so close to the planet that the fragments actually plunged into Jupiter's atmosphere. Like the pieces of SL-9, most sungrazing comets are debris from a single comet that broke apart when it passed by the Sun perhaps 2000 years ago. [more information]

Biesecker says he hopes the recent spate of amateur discoveries will continue unabated.
 

SOHO's Top Comet Hunters
updated July 2000

Comets	Astronomer
47	D. Biesecker*
28	M. Oates
14	S. Stezelberger
11	M. Boschat
11	K. Schenk*
10	D. Lewis*
9	T. Lovejoy
9	B. McCarty*
7	M. Meyer
Note: An asterisk denotes a professional member of the SOHO team. Others are amateur astronomers.

"The amateur discoveries are important because they can help us understand the fragmentation history of Kreutz sungrazers by monitoring the numbers and brightness of the smallest ones that we can see with the SOHO coronagraphs. The amateurs are also finding a few unrelated 'near-Sun' comets [this is not an official name] that pass within 10 to 20 solar radii of the Sun. This is an under-sampled population of comets."

If you're interested in joining the hunt for sungrazing comets, a good place to start is the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory's realtime images web page where coronagraph data are posted every 30 minutes, and sometimes even more frequently. Data from the satellite are available to the general public at the same time as to the scientific community. If you think you've found something, first review the basic criteria for a discovery before forwarding the details to scientists at the Goddard Space Flight Center. Confirmed finds are posted daily on the "What's New" area of http://sungrazer.nascom.nasa.gov.

SOHO (the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory) is a mission of international cooperation between NASA and the European Space Agency. It is managed by the Goddard Space Flight Center for the NASA HQ office of Space Science.

Web Links

 

Learn more about sungrazing comets - at the Goddard Space Flight Center web site http://sungrazer.nascom.nasa.gov/

SOHO realtime data - courtesy of the European Space Agency and NASA

Tips for discovering your own Comet SOHO