Halloween Asteroid
Jim Scotti, using the 36-inch Spacewatch telescope on Kitt Peak, spotted a dim speck of light moving through the constellation Cancer. It was an asteroid--dark, about 1 km wide, and it seemed to be heading for Earth. The Minor Planet Center named it "1997 XF11."
Right: Jim Scotti's discovery image of 1997 XF11. [more]
Newspapers and magazines relayed the worst: 1997 XF11 might hit our planet on Oct. 26, 2028. The impact, unleashing perhaps 2000 times more energy than the most powerful nuclear weapon ever tested, would be a global catastrophe.
There is, however, an old amusement park proverb, "Fear - Death = Fun." So it proved for 1997 XF11. Additional measurements showed that the asteroid would not hit Earth in 2028, although it will come close, about 2.5 lunar distances (954,000 km) away.
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The asteroid moved away from Earth after 1997 and it has since been generally forgotten. But the space rock hasn't really gone away. In fact, it's back. 1997 XF11 is gliding by Earth today--on Halloween--for its closest encounter until 2028.
"On Oct. 31st, 1997 XF11 will pass 25 lunar distances (9.5 million km) from Earth. It's closer than it was when it was discovered in 1997," says Jon Giorgini, a member of JPL's Solar System Dynamics Group. There's nothing to fear. On the contrary, astronomers welcome the encounter because it is a good opportunity to study the asteroid up-close.
"We started out knowing very little about this asteroid--only that it's approximately 1 km wide. 1997 XF11 has been circling the Sun in total anonymity for hundreds of millions of years. But now radar is revealing its nature."
"The first radar measurement obtained last week," reports Giorgini, "reduced the uncertainty in the distance to the asteroid by a factor of 540 (from +/- 2210 miles to +/- 4 miles). We can now reliably predict Earth encounters for an additional 107 years into the future--to the year 2209. There is no risk of 1997 XF11 hitting Earth during that time."
Left: NASA's 70-meter diameter Goldstone radar.
The orbit of 1997 XF11 carries it from a point near the orbit of Venus out to the asteroid belt and back again. One complete trip around the Sun takes 1.73 years. These frequent visits to the inner solar system make 1997 XF11 harder to predict than some other asteroids.
"1997 XF11 has many encounters with Earth and Venus through the years," says Giorgini. Gravitational nudges from the two planets perturb the asteroid's orbit. "For other asteroids one might obtain several centuries of predictability from a single radar measurement, but for 1997 XF11 our knowledge of its position is more quickly 'blurred.' The more radar data we get ... the better," he says.
Giorgini and colleagues will continue observing through November. Radar data accumulated over a period of time, says Giorgini, can be used not only to measure orbits but also to create 3-dimensional maps of asteroids. Some have weird forms: 216 Kleopatra, for example, looks like a dog bone. Learning the shapes of asteroids helps scientists understand how they're put together--valuable information in case we ever need to deflect one or blow it apart.
Most asteroids (1997 XF11 included) are as dark as charcoal. They shine only because they reflect a few percent of the sunlight that hits them. When 1997 XF11 is closest to Earth today, it will glow like a 13th magnitude star--too faint to see with the unaided eye or even binoculars.
Nevertheless amateur astronomers using 10" telescopes and CCD cameras will be able to detect 1997 XF11 as it glides through the constellation Capricornus. Optical observations, notes Giorgini, can tell us a great deal about the asteroid's rotation period and mineral composition. In 2028, when 1997 XF11 is only 2.5 lunar distances from Earth, optical telescopes will play a greater role in its study. The asteroid will brighten to 8th magnitude, which is within reach of binoculars.
There's still much to learn. One thing, however, is already clear: we're safe from 1997 XF11 for at least another 200 years. This Halloween asteroid is not so scary after all.
Editor's note: Although 1997 XF11 comes closest to Earth this week on Oct. 31st, its brightness won't peak until a few days later on Nov. 4th when the asteroid will glow like a 12.8-magnitude star. If you have a telescope and wish to observe the asteroid, please visit JPL's Near-Earth Object program web site for an up to date ephemeris.
more information
NASA Near-Earth Objects Program -- (JPL) up-to-date information about asteroids, including new discoveries and risk estimates.
Asteroid 1997 XF11 -- (JPL) history, orbit diagrams, and many related links.
The SpaceWatch Project -- 1997 XF11 is just one of many discoveries by astronomers involved in the University of Arizona's SpaceWatch Project. discovery photo
Caveat Impactor -- (Science@NASA) An asteroid with almost no chance of hitting Earth makes big headlines.
THE CLOSE APPROACH OF ASTEROID 1997 XF11 -- (International Astronomical Union) IAU Statement prepared by Dr. David Morrison, 14 March 1998
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