Cassini

A golden spacecraft is shown above the yellow-brown orb of Saturn and its rings.

Orbit Guide

In Cassini’s Grand Finale orbits — the final orbits of its nearly 20-year mission — the spacecraft traveled in an elliptical path that sent it diving at tens of thousands of miles per hour through the 1,500-mile-wide (2,400-kilometer) space between the rings and the planet where no spacecraft had ventured before.

Each of these last 22 orbits took about six and a half days to complete. They began April 22 and ended Sept. 15. When Cassini was nearest to Saturn during each orbit, the spacecraft’s speed ranged between 75,000 and 78,000 miles per hour (121,000 and 126,000 kilometers per hour), depending on the orbit.

The Grand Finale orbits were so named because they not only carried Cassini to its end, but because they were truly grand. The spacecraft flew through an unexplored region of the Saturnian system, producing unique images and attempting to solve longtime mysteries, such as the mass of Saturn’s rings and the planet’s rotation rate — the length of a Saturn day. And then during Cassini’s last five orbits, the spacecraft dipped down to directly sample Saturn’s upper atmosphere.

The summaries posted on this page for each Grand Finale orbit include only a few highlights of the many unparalleled science investigations that Cassini performed during these unprecedented orbits. Also, because Saturn is a gas giant, Cassini couldn't be described as being a certain distance from the planet’s “surface.” So, to convey Cassini’s distance from Saturn, each summary also includes the spacecraft’s closest approach to Saturn’s 1-bar level for that orbit. A bar is the atmospheric pressure you experience on Earth at sea level.

A short, animated video describing Cassini's Grand Finale. Download ›

Full List of Orbits

Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
Apr 23
3:46 a.m.
8:46 p.m. (Apr 22)
Official start of the Grand Finale orbits.
Ring Crossing #1
Apr 26
9:00 a.m.
2:00 a.m.
First pass through the gap between Saturn's atmosphere and innermost ring. High Gain Antenna was used as a shield to protect from possible ring particle impacts.
Downlink
Apr 27
5:52 a.m.
10:52 p.m. (Apr 26)
Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) was 12:10 a.m. on Apr 27.

This first Grand Finale orbit began following a final close flyby of Titan that sent Cassini on its first plunge through the gap between Saturn and its rings.

  • Prior to the periapse pass over Saturn, the spacecraft’s Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) captured images to produce a high-resolution movie of Saturn’s north polar region, including the planet’s hexagon jet stream for nearly a full rotation of Saturn.
  • The orbit provided Cassini with its best look ever at Saturn’s north pole with both VIMS and the Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS). And the observations should provide the sharpest near-infrared movies to date of the motion in and around the hexagon.
  • Before Cassini passed through Saturn’s ring plane for the first time in the region between Saturn and its rings, the spacecraft changed its attitude so that its high-gain antenna faced forward (called “HGA to RAM”) to help shield the spacecraft from ring particles during ring-plane crossing.
  • Using its VIMS and Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) instruments, Cassini studied Saturn’s smallest ring particles as they passed between the sun and the spacecraft.
  • During the hour leading up to closest approach to Saturn, the imaging cameras (ISS) took a strip-like series of images of features in the atmosphere (which the team refers to as "the noodle"). These images were Cassini's closest views of Saturn thus far, with a resolution up to 10 times higher than before.
  • During this orbit, Cassini got within 1,840 miles (2,950 kilometers) of Saturn’s 1-bar level. Cassini also passed within 2,960 miles (4,760 kilometers) of the inner edge of Saturn’s D ring.
Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
Apr 29
2:22 p.m.
7:22 a.m.
Ring Crossing #2
May 2
7:38 p.m.
12:38 p.m.
Downlink
May 3
2:13 p.m.
7:13 a.m.
Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) was 8:30 a.m. on May 3.
COMPLETED: Orbit 272 - April 29 - May 6
  • During this orbit, Cassini rolled to calibrate its magnetometer (MAG) for the high-intensity magnetic field observations to be performed when the spacecraft was nearest Saturn. This was the first time MAG made this sort of observation.
  • Cassini’s imaging cameras, the Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS), took advantage of the last opportunity to observe Saturn's rings at extremely high phase angles while the Sun was hidden behind Saturn, allowing the instrument to survey faint ringlets in the main rings, many of which are difficult to observe outside of this geometry. The ISS also collected images to produce a movie to monitor various structures in Saturn’s D ring.
  • The spacecraft’s Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) observed Saturn’s moon Rhea in infrared to narrow down the composition and structure of the moon’s surface material.
  • During this orbit, Cassini got within 1,820 miles (2,930 kilometers) of Saturn’s 1-bar level. Cassini also passed within 2,980 miles (4,780 kilometers) of the inner edge of Saturn’s D ring.
Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
May 6
12:59 a.m.
5:59 p.m. (May 5)
Ring Crossing #3
May 9
6:13 a.m.
11:13 p.m. (May 8)
Downlink
May 9
6:13 a.m.
11:13 p.m. (May 8)
Cassini communicated with Earth during the crossing. Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) was 12:29 a.m. PDT on May 9.
COMPLETED: Orbit 273 - May 6 - 12
Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
May 12
11:30 a.m.
4:30 a.m.
Ring Crossing #4
May 15
4:42 p.m.
9:42 a.m.
Downlink
May 15
4:42 p.m.
9:42 a.m.
Cassini communicated with Earth during the crossing. Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) was 10:58 a.m. PDT on May 15.
COMPLETED: Orbit 274 - May 12 - 18
  • During this Grand Finale orbit, Cassini’s visible-light camera, the Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS), observed Saturn’s most prominent ring propeller features.
  • Next, the Radio Science Subsystem (RSS) took advantage of one of the best opportunities in the mission to conduct radio occultations of Saturn’s ring system and run a gravity experiment to study Saturn's gravitational field with unprecedented detail. The experiment aimed to discover how spherical Saturn’s gravity field is, which helps scientists measure the mass of Saturn’s rings, a figure that is not precisely known.
  • During the radio science/gravity observations, the spacecraft’s Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) scooped up and analyzed small ring particles to help determine the age of Saturn’s rings. Interplanetary meteoroids bombard Saturn’s main rings, depositing silicates, organics, and metals in the ring particles. The more of those contaminants the CDA found, the older Saturn’s rings probably are.
  • During this orbit, Cassini got within 1,650 miles (2,660 kilometers) of Saturn’s 1-bar level. Cassini also passed within 3,110 miles (5,000 kilometers) of the inner edge of Saturn’s D ring.
Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
May 18
9:59 p.m..
2:59 p.m.
Ring Crossing #5
May 22
3:11 a.m.
8:11 p.m. (May 21)
Downlink
May 22
3:11 a.m.
8:11 p.m. (May 21)
Cassini communicated with Earth during the ring crossing. Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) was 9:26 p.m. PDT on May 21.
COMPLETED: Orbit 275 - May 18 - 25
  • This orbit, like the previous one, was one of the best opportunities in the mission for the Radio Science Subsystem (RSS) to conduct radio occultations of Saturn’s ring system and run a gravity experiment to study Saturn's gravitational field with unprecedented detail. The experiment helped clarify how spherical Saturn’s gravity field is, but also helped scientists measure the mass of Saturn’s rings, a figure that is not precisely known.
  • And as with the previous orbit, the spacecraft’s Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) scooped up and analyzed ring particles — this time larger ring particles rather than the relatively small particles — to help determine the age of Saturn’s rings. Interplanetary meteoroids bombard Saturn’s main rings, depositing silicates, organics, and metals in the ring particles. The more of those contaminants the CDA found, the older Saturn’s rings probably are.
  • Also on this orbit, the spacecraft’s Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS), Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS), and Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) observed and mapped Saturn’s atmosphere, studying the different temperatures of the atmospheric layers, as well as the atmosphere’s composition.
  • During this orbit, Cassini got within 1,680 miles (2,700 kilometers) of Saturn’s 1-bar level. Cassini also passed within 3,120 miles (5,010 kilometers) of the inner edge of Saturn’s D ring.
Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
May 25
8:50 a.m.
1:50 a.m.
Ring Crossing #6
May 28
2:22 p.m.
7:22 a.m.
Farthest Cassini ventured into the D ring. Spacecraft was shielded by its High Gain Antenna.
Downlink
May 29
3:29 a.m.
8:29 p.m. (May 28)
Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) was 9:44 p.m. on May 28.
COMPLETED: Orbit 276 - May 25 - 31
  • During this orbit, the spacecraft’s imaging cameras, Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS), took images of the edge of the A ring, the F ring, and the space in between, to study ring structure and how ring particles interact in the region. Later in the orbit, the ISS did the same for the border region of Saturn’s B and C rings.
  • Cassini’s RADAR instrument performed the first of three parts to an experiment it had never tried before. Scanning inward from the outer edge of the A ring all the way through the innermost C ring, RADAR generated scans of the main rings at resolutions from 4 kilometers down to 100 meters per pixel.
  • During ring-plane crossing, the spacecraft was oriented such that its high-gain antenna (the big dish) faced forward (called “HGA to RAM”) to help shield the spacecraft from ring particles. This orbit’s ring-plane crossing was the highest Cassini ever got in Saturn’s D ring.
  • Also during ring-plane crossing, in the six-minute period where impacts were considered most likely, the Radio and Plasma Wave Science instrument "listened" for the impacts of ring particles, which produced detectable plasma clouds when they struck the spacecraft. The antenna protruded several meters beyond the protection of the high-gain antenna, allowing it to interact with ring particles while most of the spacecraft was shielded.
  • During this orbit, Cassini got within 2,420 miles (3,900 kilometers) of Saturn’s 1-bar level. Cassini also passed within 2,370 miles (3,810 kilometers) of the inner edge of Saturn’s D ring.
Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
May 31
8:04 p.m.
1:04 p.m.
Ring Crossing #7
Jun 4
1:38 a.m.
6:38 p.m. (Jun 3)
Second closest venture into the D ring. Spacecraft was shielded by its High Gain Antenna.
Downlink
Jun 4
2:10 p.m.
7:10 a.m.
Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) was 8:25 a.m. on June 4.
COMPLETED: Orbit 277 - May 31 - June 7
  • During this seventh Grand Finale orbit, while Cassini flew directly over the rings above Saturn's northern hemisphere, the Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) produced a high-resolution thermal scan across the main rings. By scanning the rings at an angle close to 90 degrees, the foreshortening that typically reduces the instrument's effective resolution on the rings was minimized.
  • Cassini’s RADAR instrument performed the second of three parts to an experiment it had never tried before: Scanning inward from the outer edge of the A ring all the way through the innermost C ring, RADAR generated scans of the main rings at resolutions from 4 kilometers down to 100 meters.
  • During this orbit’s ring-plane crossing, the spacecraft again was oriented such that its high-gain antenna (the big dish) faced forward (called HGA to RAM) to help shield the spacecraft from ring particles.
  • And again during ring-plane crossing, in the brief period in which impacts were considered most likely, the Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) instrument "listened" for the impacts of ring particles, which produced detectable plasma clouds when they struck the spacecraft. The antenna protruded several meters beyond the protection of the high-gain antenna and so could still detect impacts.
  • During this orbit, Cassini got within 2,420 miles (3,890 kilometers) of Saturn’s 1-bar level. Cassini also passed within 2,370 miles (3,820 kilometers) of the inner edge of Saturn’s D ring.
Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
Jun 7
7:18 a.m.
12:18 a.m.
Ring Crossing #8
Jun 10
12:49 p.m.
5:49 a.m.
Downlink
Jun 10
12:49 p.m.
5:49 a.m.
Cassini communicated with Earth during the ring crossing. Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) was 7:04 a.m. PDT on Jun 10.
COMPLETED: Orbit 278 - June 7 - 13
  • During this orbit, Cassini’s Radio Science Subsystem (RSS) performed the fourth of six radio occultations of Saturn’s ring system and ran a gravity experiment to study Saturn's gravitational field in the highest possible detail. The experiment sought to measure how spherical Saturn’s gravity field is, and to help scientists measure the mass of Saturn’s rings, a figure that is not precisely known.
  • During the radio experiments, Cassini’s Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) scooped up and analyzed small ring particles to help determine the age of Saturn’s rings. Interplanetary meteoroids bombard Saturn’s main rings, depositing silicates, organics, and metals in the ring particles. The more of those contaminants the CDA found, the older Saturn’s rings probably are.
  • Next Cassini’s Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) mapped Saturn’s southern hemisphere at some of the highest resolutions of the mission. The instrument looked for changes in winds, cloud structures and perhaps changes in atmospheric chemistry as the rate of atmospheric upwelling changes with seasons.
  • During this orbit, Cassini got within 2,120 miles (3,410 kilometers) of Saturn’s 1-bar level. Cassini also passed within 2,670 miles (4,300 kilometers) of the inner edge of Saturn’s D ring.
Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
Jun 13
6:24 p.m.
11:24 a.m.
Ring Crossing #9
Jun 16
11:52 p.m.
4:52 p.m.
Downlink
Jun 17
12:05 p.m.
5:05 a.m.
Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) was 6:20 a.m. PDT on Jun 17.
COMPLETED: Orbit 279 - June 13 - 20
  • During this orbit, Cassini’s Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) observed Saturn’s northern aurora, attempting to capture the entire auroral oval over several observations. The Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) observed the aurora at the same time.
  • Cassini’s Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) took priority during ring-plane crossing, measuring the density and composition of neutral particles in that region to study the relationship between Saturn’s rings and the planet’s atmosphere. INMS also measured ions such as O2+ created on the surface of the rings and transported along field lines to other locations.
  • The Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) sampled ring particles around ring-plane crossing.
  • The spacecraft’s imaging cameras, the Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS), took a special photo of the rings from the inside out around ring-plane crossing.
  • During this orbit, Cassini got within 2,080 miles (3,350 kilometers) of Saturn’s 1-bar level. Cassini also passed within 2,710 miles (4,360 kilometers) of the inner edge of Saturn’s D ring.
Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
Jun 20
5:26 a.m.
10:26 p.m. (Jun 19)
Ring Crossing #10
Jun 23
10:54 a.m.
3:54 a.m.
Downlink
Jun 23
10:54 a.m.
3:54 a.m.
Cassini communicated with Earth during the ring crossing. Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) was 5:09 a.m. PDT on June 23.
COMPLETED: Orbit 280 - June 20 - 26
  • During this orbit, Cassini’s Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) observed Saturn’s moon Dione to better understand the moon’s temperatures and to study the composition and structure of the moon’s surface material.
  • Cassini’s Radio Science Subsystem (RSS) performed another occultation of Saturn’s ring system and ran a gravity experiment to study Saturn's gravitational field in detail. The experiment sought to measure how spherical Saturn’s gravity field is. Deviations from a spherical shape reveal how the density within Saturn varies with depth and how surface winds influence lower atmospheric depths. In addition, Cassini simultaneously felt the gravitational pull of the rings (the B-Ring, in particular). Scientists should be able to determine the rings' mass very accurately from the data collected on this pass. The rings' mass helps scientists determine the age of the ring system.
  • During the radio experiments, Cassini’s Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) scooped up and analyzed small ring particles to help determine the age of Saturn’s rings. Interplanetary meteoroids bombard Saturn’s main rings, depositing silicates, organics, and metals in the ring particles. The more of those contaminants the CDA found, the older Saturn’s rings probably are.
  • The CIRS instrument also observed Saturn’s A ring to compare properties of ice in the rings and on Saturn’s icy moons.
  • During this orbit, Cassini got within 2,110 miles (3,390 kilometers) of Saturn’s 1-bar level. Cassini also passed within 2,680 miles (4,320 kilometers) of the inner edge of Saturn’s D ring.
Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
Jun 26
4:35 p.m.
9:35 a.m.
Ring Crossing #11
Jun 29
10:10 p.m.
3:10 p.m.
Cassini again ventured into the D ring. Spacecraft was no longer shielded by its High Gain Antenna.*
Downlink
Jun 30
9:55 a.m.
2:55 a.m.
Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) was 4:10 a.m. PDT on June 30.
COMPLETED: Orbit 281 - June 26 - July 3
  • During this orbit, Cassini’s Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) observed the edge of Saturn’s atmosphere, studying airglow, auroras and hydrocarbons — scientists need more information about Saturn’s hydrocarbon distribution to improve models of how sunlight affects the chemistry of the planet’s upper atmosphere.
  • The spacecraft’s Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) mapped the temperature and composition of Saturn’s north polar vortex at the highest resolution of the mission so far.
  • Cassini’s Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) captured a movie of Saturn’s south polar region. It was the closest and sharpest near-infrared movie to date of the intricate structure and complex movements of features in and around the south polar vortex.
  • *(UPDATED) During this orbit’s ring-plane crossing, the spacecraft was originally planned to be oriented with its high-gain antenna (the big dish) facing forward to help shield the spacecraft from ring particles. However, during the two earlier dives through the D ring (orbits 276 and 277), the ring particle environment was found to be benign. Because of this, mission planners decided to remove the shielding requirement for this orbit. The antenna was once again be used as a shield on the following orbit (orbit 282)
  • After ring-plane crossing, Cassini completed an engineering checkout of the spacecraft’s sun sensor assembly to be sure it wasn’t damaged when the high-gain antenna shielded the spacecraft during ring-plane crossing.
  • During this orbit, Cassini got within 2,320 miles (3,720 kilometers) of Saturn’s 1-bar level. Cassini also passed within 2,480 miles (3,980 kilometers) of the inner edge of Saturn’s D ring.
Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
Jul 3
3:54 a.m.
8:54 p.m. (July 2)
Ring Crossing #12
Jul 6
9:31 a.m.
2:31 a.m.
Cassini again venture=d into the D ring. Spacecraft was shielded by its High Gain Antenna.
Downlink
Jul 7
5:44 a.m.
10:44 p.m.
(Jul 6)
Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) was 11:59 p.m. PDT on July 6.
COMPLETED: Orbit 282 - July 3 - July 9
  • During this orbit, Cassini’s Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) stared at the star Kappa Canis Majoris, as parts of the C ring and A ring pass between the spacecraft and the star. The spacecraft’s Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) observed the occultation as well.
  • Cassini’s imaging cameras, the Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS), observed some of Saturn’s known ring propeller features, then targeted the border region of the F ring and A ring to study ring dynamics there.
  • Cassini’s UVIS instrument also studied small-scale structures in the rings.
  • During this orbit’s ring-plane crossing, the spacecraft was oriented such that its high-gain antenna (the big dish) faces forward (called “HGA to RAM”) to help shield the spacecraft from ring particles.
  • Also during ring-plane crossing, in the brief period in which impacts were most likely, the Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) instrument "listened" for the impacts of ring particles, which produced detectable plasma clouds when they struck the spacecraft. The antenna protruded several meters beyond the protection of the high-gain antenna and so still detected impacts.
  • During this orbit, Cassini got within 2,320 miles (3,730 kilometers) of Saturn’s 1-bar level. Cassini also passed within 2,470 miles (3,980 kilometers) of the inner edge of Saturn’s D ring.
Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
Jul 9
3:13 p.m.
8:13 a.m.
Ring Crossing #13
Jul 12
8:44 p.m.
1:44 p.m.
Downlink
Jul 13
8:17 a.m.
1:17 p.m.
Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) was 2:33 a.m. PDT on July 13.
COMPLETED - July 9 - July 16
  • During this orbit, Cassini’s Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) observed the lit side of the middle A-ring to determine its composition and structure. The CIRS instrument then targeted the point where Saturn’s shadow falls across the B-ring, studying how the ring’s temperature changes as it crosses into Saturn’s shadow. These CIRS observations should reveal details about the structure of the ring particles themselves, which were too small for Cassini's cameras to resolve.
  • Cassini’s imaging cameras, the Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS), observed some of Saturn’s known ring propeller features. The ISS also performed a high-resolution scan of Saturn’s C ring and inner B ring
  • With Cassini about 31,100 miles (50,000 kilometers) from Saturn's lower atmosphere, the Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) sampled the exosphere and ionosphere of Saturn and of the atmosphere-ionosphere of Saturn’s rings. On a later orbit (Orbit 288), the INMS sampled Saturn’s visible, much denser atmosphere for the first time.
  • During this orbit, Cassini got within 1,780 miles (2,860 kilometers) of Saturn’s 1-bar level. Cassini also passed within 3,020 miles (4,850 kilometers) of the inner edge of Saturn’s D ring.
Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
Jul 16
2:21 a.m.
7:21 p.m. (July 15)
Ring Crossing #14
Jul 19
7:50 a.m.
12:50 a.m.
Downlink
Jul 19
7:50 a.m.
12:50 a.m.
Cassini communicated with Earth during the ring crossing. Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) was 2:06 a.m. PDT on July 19.
COMPLETED: Orbit 284 - July 16 - July 22
  • During this orbit, Cassini’s Radio Science Subsystem (RSS) performed its last science observations of the mission. The instrument conducted radio occultations of Saturn’s ring system and ran a gravity experiment to characterize Saturn's gravitational field with unprecedented detail. RSS determined Saturn's gravity by very precisely tracking the orbit of Cassini relative to the Earth as the spacecraft skimmed Saturn’s atmosphere. By measuring the Doppler shift in Cassini’s radio signal, scientists can learn how mass is distributed within Saturn. In addition, Cassini simultaneously felt the gravitational pull of the rings (the B-Ring, in particular) and determined their mass very accurately. The mass helps scientists determine the age of the ring system.
  • When Cassini was in the segment of this orbit in which it was nearest to Saturn, the spacecraft rolled so that the Magnetometer (MAG) could collect unique measurements that will lead to a better understanding of Saturn’s magnetic field, the planet’s rotation rate, the size of the central core and other characteristics of Saturn.
  • Then the Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) led an observation of Saturn’s southern hemisphere at night.
  • During this orbit, Cassini got within 1,740 miles (2,790 kilometers) of Saturn’s 1-bar level. Cassini also passed within 3,050 miles (4910 kilometers) of the inner edge of Saturn’s D ring.
Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
Jul 22
1:27 p.m.
6:27 a.m.
Ring Crossing #15
Jul 25
6:55 p.m.
11:55 a.m.
Downlink
Jul 26
6:10 a.m.
11:10 p.m. (July 25)
Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) was 12:27 a.m. PDT on July 19.
COMPLETED: Orbit 285 - July 22 - July 29
Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
Jul 29
12:33 a.m.
5:33 p.m. (Jul 28)
Ring Crossing #16
Aug 1
6:05 a.m.
11:05 p.m. (Jul 31)
Downlink
Aug 1
10:57 p.m.
3:57 p.m.
Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) was 5:14 p.m. PDT on August 1.
COMPLETED: Orbit 286 - July 29 - August 4
  • During this orbit, Cassini’s Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) made a long observation of Saturn’s northern aurora at an unusually close range, producing some of the highest-resolution auroral images of the entire mission.
  • Cassini’s Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) observed Saturn’s aurora during this orbit as well. This observation was the closest and highest-resolution auroral observation VIMS made during Cassini’s entire mission.
  • The spacecraft’s Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) observed the south polar region of Saturn’s moon Enceladus during this orbit, studying winter temperatures on the moon’s surface. This was the instrument’s last opportunity of the mission to study the temperatures on Enceladus, to help researchers understand how they change over time.
  • During this orbit, Cassini got within 1,820 miles (2,920 kilometers) of Saturn’s 1-bar level. Cassini also passed within 2,980 miles (4,790 kilometers) of the inner edge of Saturn’s D ring.
Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
Aug 4
11:46 a.m.
4:46 a.m.
Ring Crossing #17
Aug 7
5:19 p.m.
10:19 a.m.
Downlink
Aug 8
3:11 p.m.
8:11 a.m.
Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) was 9:29 a.m. PDT on August 8.
COMPLETED: Orbit 287 - August 4 - August 10
  • During this orbit Cassini’s Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) observed Saturn’s northern aurora, attempting to capture the entire auroral oval over several observations.
  • The spacecraft’s imaging cameras, the Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS), performed the first of two final observations of one of Saturn’s tiny, irregular moons, named Kiviuq, which completed about 80 percent of one rotation during Cassini’s observation. The observation was intended to improve models of the moon’s shape and other of Kiviuq’s characteristics.
  • The ISS instrument also targeted one of Saturn’s ring propeller features, and also continued its campaign of observing Saturn’s moon Titan for two segments of time, each lasting several hours, to image the moon’s atmosphere and surface, in particular to watch Titan’s clouds form and change. The spacecraft’s Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) and Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) observed Titan as well.
  • Also during this orbit, the spacecraft rolled to calibrate Cassini’s magnetometer (MAG).
  • During this orbit, Cassini got within 1,830 miles (2,940 kilometers) of Saturn’s 1-bar level. Cassini also passed within 2,960 miles (4,760 kilometers) of the inner edge of Saturn’s D ring.
Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
Aug 10
10:56 p.m.
3:56 p.m.
Periapse
Aug 14
4:22 a.m.
9:22 p.m. (Aug 13)
First of the "Final Five" dips into Saturn's atmosphere.
Downlink
Aug 15
12:26 a.m.
5:26 p.m. (Aug 14)
Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) was 6:45 p.m. PDT on August 14.
COMPLETED: Orbit 288 - August 10 - August 17
  • Cassini had just five orbits of Saturn remaining before the mission ends.
  • During this orbit, Cassini’s Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) observed the edge of Saturn’s atmosphere to determine different temperatures at different altitudes.
  • The spacecraft’s imaging cameras, the Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS), then observed mysterious features informally called “streaks” in Saturn’s C ring.
  • This was the first of five orbits in which Cassini’s elliptical orbit carried it so low that the spacecraft passed briefly through Saturn’s outermost atmosphere. Cassini’s reaction control thrusters were at the ready to correct the spacecraft’s orientation in case Saturn’s atmosphere pushed on the spacecraft hard enough to cause any rotation.
  • During the period in which the spacecraft was nearest Saturn, Cassini’s Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) performed the first ever direct sampling of Saturn’s atmosphere. The instrument measured densities of different species of molecular hydrogen, helium and a variety of ions in the immediate vicinity of the spacecraft.
  • Cassini’s RADAR instrument operated at the same time as INMS, studying Saturn’s atmosphere in a passive mode to study the small-scale structure and ammonia concentration of Saturn’s atmosphere.
Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
Aug 17
9:53 a.m.
2:53 a.m.
Periapse
Aug 20
3:23 p.m.
8:23 a.m.
Second of the "Final Five" dips into Saturn's atmosphere.
Downlink
Aug 21
3:10 a.m.
8:10 p.m. (Aug 20)
Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) was 9:30 p.m. PDT on August 20.
COMPLETED: Orbit 289 - August 17 - August 23
Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
Aug 23
8:51 p.m.
1:51 p.m.
Periapse
Aug 27
2:20 a.m.
7:20 p.m. (Aug 26)
Third and lowest of the "Final Five" dips into Saturn's atmosphere.
Downlink
Aug 27
1:54 p.m.
6:54 a.m.
Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) was 8:14 a.m. PDT on August 27.
COMPLETED - August 23 - August 30
  • Cassini had just three orbits of Saturn remaining before the mission ends.
  • During this orbit Cassini’s Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) mapped Saturn’s northern hemisphere to study temperatures in the upper troposphere and the Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) created a map of Saturn’s equatorial region. The CIRS instrument also performed its final Saturn limb observation of the mission.
  • The spacecraft used its RADAR instrument in active mode to study Saturn’s atmosphere.
  • This was the third of five orbits in which Cassini’s elliptical orbit carried it so low that the spacecraft passed briefly through Saturn’s atmosphere. Cassini’s reaction control thrusters were at the ready to correct the spacecraft’s orientation in case Saturn’s atmosphere pushed on the spacecraft hard enough to cause any rotation. This was the deepest Cassini dipped into Saturn’s atmosphere during the “Final Five” orbits.
  • During the period in which the spacecraft was nearest Saturn, Cassini’s Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) performed its second session directly sampling Saturn’s upper atmosphere. The instrument measured densities of different species of molecular hydrogen, helium and a variety of ions in the immediate vicinity of the spacecraft.
Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
Aug 30
7:48 a.m.
12:48 a.m.
Periapse
Sep 2
1:17 p.m.
6:17 a.m.
Fourth of the "Final Five" dips into Saturn's atmosphere.
Downlink
Sep 3
4:38 a.m.
9:38 p.m. (Sep 2)
Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) was 10:59 p.m. PDT on September 2.
COMPLETED: Orbit 291 - August 30 - September 5
  • Cassini had just two orbits of Saturn remaining before the mission ends.
  • During this orbit, Cassini’s imaging cameras, the Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS), observed haze in Titan’s atmosphere, and the spacecraft’s Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) and Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) instruments observed Saturn’s sunlit north polar auroral region.
  • The VIMS instrument and Cassini’s Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) worked together to study Saturn’s atmosphere.
  • This was also the fourth of five orbits in which Cassini’s elliptical orbit carried it so low that the spacecraft passed briefly through Saturn’s atmosphere. Cassini’s reaction control thrusters were at the ready to correct the spacecraft’s orientation in case Saturn’s atmosphere pushed on the spacecraft hard enough to cause any rotation.
  • During the period in which the spacecraft was nearest Saturn, Cassini’s Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) performed its third session directly sampling of Saturn’s upper atmosphere. The instrument measured densities of different species of molecular hydrogen, helium and a variety of ions in the immediate vicinity of the spacecraft.
Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
Sep 5
6:47 p.m.
11:47 a.m.
Periapse
Sep 9
12:18 a.m.
5:18 p.m. (Sep 8)
Last of the "Final Five" dips into Saturn's atmosphere.
Downlink
Sep 9
1:07 p.m.
6:07 a.m.
Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) was 7:29 a.m. PDT on September 9.
COMPLETED: Orbit 292 - September 5 - 12
  • This was Cassini’s final full orbit of Saturn before the mission ended.
  • During this orbit, Cassini’s Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) and Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) instruments worked together to determine the abundance of helium in Saturn’s atmosphere.
  • This was the fifth of five orbits in which Cassini’s elliptical orbit carried it so low that the spacecraft passed briefly through Saturn’s atmosphere. Cassini’s reaction control thrusters were at the ready to correct the spacecraft’s orientation in case Saturn’s atmosphere pushed on the spacecraft hard enough to cause any rotation.
  • During the period in which the spacecraft was nearest Saturn, Cassini’s Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) performed its fourth session directly sampling Saturn’s upper atmosphere. The instrument measured densities of different species of molecular hydrogen, helium and a variety of ions in the immediate vicinity of the spacecraft.
  • The spacecraft’s RADAR and Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) instruments also operated during the INMS observation, with RADAR continuing its study of ammonia in Saturn’s atmosphere and the ISS instrument capturing an iconic image of the rings seen looking outward from Saturn.
  • At the end of this orbit, Cassini made a distant flyby of the Mercury-size moon Titan, whose gravity altered the spacecraft’s trajectory one final time. This gravitational nudge, which the team calls “the goodbye kiss,” ensured that the spacecraft was disposed of in a controlled manner. Instead of passing safely into and out of Saturn’s outermost atmosphere on the next orbit, Cassini instead dipped so deeply into the atmosphere that the spacecraft burned up like a meteor.
Event
Date
Spacecraft Time (UTC)
Local Time (PDT)
Notes
Apoapse
Sep 12
5:27 a.m.
10:27 p.m. (Sep 11)
The start of Cassini's final plunge into Saturn. The spacecraft downlinked to the Deep Space Network at the end of the day.
Atmospheric Entry
Sep 15
10:31 a.m.
3:31 a.m.
Thrusters maintained attitude control for about a minute. Estimated Earth Received Time (ERT) for Cassini’s final signal (end of mission) was approximately 4:55 a.m. PDT on September 15. (Times are subject to change. See updated times here.)
COMPLETED: Orbit 293 - The Final Plunge - September 12 - 15
  • During this partial orbit, when Cassini was three and half hours from its expected end of mission, data from the spacecraft’s Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS), Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS), and magnetospheric and plasma science instruments were transmitted to Earth in nearly real time, just seconds after each observation was made. Cassini usually held onto those data for hours or days before turning its high-gain antenna toward Earth to transmit them.
  • Unlike the preceding orbits, where the Cassini’s lowest altitudes were chosen to avoid tumbling, the spacecraft trajectory on this orbit intentionally continued all the way into Saturn.
  • Cassini continued transmitting as long as possible until the force of Saturn’s atmosphere overpowered the spacecraft’s thrusters and Cassini could no longer point its antenna precisely enough to maintain contact with Earth.
  • When the spacecraft’s signal was lost, the Cassini mission ended.

Go to the Grand Finale Overview page.

For additional details about Cassini's recent activities, see Saturn Tour Dates for 2016 & 2017

Key Dates

  • April 22: Titan 126 Flyby at 6:08 a.m. UTC (11:08 p.m. PDT on April 21)
  • April 23: First Grand Finale Orbit Begins at 3:46 a.m. UTC (8:46 p.m. PDT on April 22)
  • April 26: First Ringplane Crossing at 9 a.m. UTC (2 a.m. PDT)
  • May 24: Northern Summer Solstice Begins
  • Sept. 15: Cassini's Final Entry into Saturn's Atmosphere begins at 10:44 a.m. UTC (3:44 a.m. PDT). Spacecraft loss of signal comes one minute later at 10:45 a.m. UTC (3:45 a.m. PDT).
  • Sept. 15: Final signal received on Earth at about 5 a.m. PDT

Why Cassini Matters

NASA’s Cassini spacecraft and ESA’s Huygens probe expanded our understanding of the kinds of worlds where life might exist and eight more reasons the mission changed the course of planetary exploration.

Nine Reasons Cassini-Huygens Matters

Grand Finale Resources

A collection of graphics, documents, videos and other resources that showcase the Cassini mission's Grand Finale on Sept. 15, 2017.

Go to Gallery

Frequently Asked Questions

What day will the mission end (September, 15, 2017)? Did we always plan to plunge into Saturn? What will Cassini's final moments be like? What will we see? Get answers to these questions and many more in our FAQ section.

Read the FAQs

Related

Grand Finale Fact Sheet

Cassini Names Final Mission Phase Its 'Grand Finale'

Keep Exploring

Discover More Topics From NASA

Sun

Tendrils of hot plasma stream from the Sun.

Planets

A montage shows the planets to scale from Mercury on the left to Neptune on the right.

Asteroids, Comets & Meteors

Closeup view of a rocky, diamond-shaped asteroid in space

Kuiper Belt

Illustration of spacecraft near a giant space rock far from the Sun.