Annapurna is only the tenth tallest mountain in the world, but it ranks as one of the most dangerous. The mountain is located in Nepal along a 55-kilometer (34-mile) ridge just east of the Gandaki River, which has carved one of the deepest river gorges in the world. The gorge separates Annapurna from Dhaulagiri, the seventh tallest mountain in the world.
On June 3, 1950, the French climbers Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal reached the summit of Annapurna, making it the first eight-thousand meter peak ever successfully climbed. There are 14 “eight-thousanders” in all, a number that pushes some climbers to the point of obsession. It’s big enough that only the most ambitious consider climbing all of them, but small enough that doing so over a lifetime still seems possible.
Herzog and Lachenal first attempted Annapurna’s northwest face—they called it the cauliflower face (shown in shadow in the image above)—then switched over to the avalanche-prone north face when they realized the northwest face was too rugged for their porters. The extremely steep south face, a wall of rock that rises 3,000 meters (9,800 feet), is said to be one of the most difficult climbs in the world.
Annapurna is the only 8,000 meter-peak to be conquered on the first try—and Herzog and Lachenal did it without bottled oxygen. However, the feat came with a high price. Since they wore only thin, leather boots up to the summit, the expedition’s doctor had to amputate all of Herzog and Lachenal’s toes after extreme frostbite and then gangrene set in during the descent. Herzog lost all of his fingers as well. Lachenal had asked Herzog during the summit climb: “Do you think it is worth it?”
The rocks that make up Annapurna’s summit—limestone formed at the bottom of a warm ocean—are a reminder of the powerful tectonic forces that pushed up the world’s highest mountains. Other eight-thousanders with limestone near the summits include Everest and Dhaulagiri.
Only 191 people had successfully ascended Annapurna as of 2012, fewer than any other eight-thousanders. With a fatality rate of 32 percent, no other eight-thousander is deadlier.
Read more about the world’s fourteen tallest peaks in our new feature: The Eight-Thousanders.
References & Resources
- 8000ers (2008, February 13) Annapurna I. Accessed December 20, 2013.
- About Climbing (2008, February 13) Annapurna: 10th Highest Mountain in the World. Accessed December 20, 2013.
- Ashmarin, Sergey, via Panoramio Aerial view of the Annapurna Massif with Label. Accessed December 20, 2013.
- Herzog, M. and Anker, C. (2010) Annapurna: The First Conquest of an 8,000-Meter Peak. (New York: Oxford University Press)
- The Economist (2012, May 29) Stairway to heaven. Accessed December 20, 2013.
- Himalayan Journal (1972) Caving in the Himalaya. Accessed December 20, 2013.
- New York Times (2012, December 14) Maurice Herzog, 93, Dies; Led Historic Himalaya Climb. Accessed December 20, 2013.
- Peakbagger Annapurna, Nepal. Accessed December 20, 2013.
- Searle, M. (2013) Colliding Continents: A Geological Exploration of the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Tibet (New York: Oxford University Press)
NASA Earth Observatory image by Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon, using EO-1 ALI data from the NASA EO-1 team, archived on the USGS Earth Explorer. Caption by Adam Voiland.
