Using satellite radar data, scientists observed the calving of several large icebergs from the Sulzberger Ice Shelf along the Antarctic coast as a result of the March 2011 tsunami half a world away in Japan. Scientists have long speculated that ocean waves could cause an ice shelf to flex and break, but this is the first time researchers have observed a tsunami having this effect.
The images above were acquired by the Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) on the European Space Agency’s Envisat satellite on March 11 and 16, 2011. The top image was taken just before the arrival of the tsunami at the front of the Sulzberger Ice Shelf, while the bottom image shows the chunks of ice well out to sea just five days later. This time-lapse series of images shows the progression of the ice breakup. In each radar image—which allows researchers to see through cloud cover—land ice, ice shelves, and the new bergs are brighter white, while grayer areas have smaller bits of sea ice. Open water is black.
Icebergs can form in any number of ways, but much of the time, the process is out of sight. Often, scientists see large chunks drifting in polar seas, and then have to work backwards to figure out the point of origin. In this case, a research team led by Kelly Brunt of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center looked ahead, not back.
When the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami occurred, ice researchers immediately looked south as the massive waves exploded out from the epicenter in the northwest Pacific Ocean. The scientists checked records for vulnerable faces of the Antarctic coast and studied models of the likely wave propagation. Within 18 hours of the earthquake, the tsunami waves had traveled 8,000 miles (13,600 kilometers) and reached the shores of Antarctica.
Using multiple satellite images, Kelly Brunt, Emile Okal of Northwestern University, and Douglas MacAyeal of the University of Chicago were able to observe two large new icebergs and many smaller bits floating in the Ross Sea off Antarctica just hours after the sea swell reached the continent.
The swell from the Tohoku tsunami was likely only a foot high (30 cm) when it reached the Sulzberger Ice Shelf, but the consistency of the waves created enough stress to cause the calving. This floating ice shelf was about 260 feet (80 meters) thick from its exposed surface to its submerged base.
Together, the broken chunks of ice equaled an area of 125 square kilometers, about two times the size of Manhattan Island in New York. According to historical records, the piece of ice that broke up on March 11 hadn't budged for at least 46 years before the tsunami came along.
References & Resources
- Brunt, K.M., Okal, E.A., and MacAyeal, D.R. (2011) Antarctic ice-shelf calving triggered by the Honshu (Japan) earthquake and tsunami, March 2011. Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 57, No. 205, pp. 785-788.
- NASA (2011, August 8) Tohoku Tsunami Created Icebergs In Antarctica.
- NASA Earth Observatory (2011) Natural Hazards: Earthquake and Tsunami Near Sendai, Japan.
Images courtesy of the European Space Agency. Caption by Patrick Lynch and Mike Carlowicz.
