November 1, 2022
Smoky Skies in Northern India
In November, satellites often observe large clouds of smoke and heightened fire activity in northwestern India as farmers burn excess paddy straw after the rice harvest—a practice called stubble burning. November 2022 followed this pattern.
When the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the Suomi NPP satellite captured this natural-color image on November 1, 2022, a plume of smoke curled from northeastern Pakistan to the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. Use the slider tool to see the locations of active fires observed by VIIRS that afternoon.
Many farmers, particularly in the states of Punjab and Haryana, use fire as a fast, cheap way to clean up and fertilize fields before planting winter crops. However, a surge of smoke in the heart of the densely populated Indo-Gangetic Plain often contributes to a sharp deterioration of air quality across the region, including in the capital city of Delhi.
The air quality index rose as high as 424 on November 1, 2022, according to India’s Central Pollution Control Board, enough to put it into the “severe” category. The high pollution levels prompted a halt in construction in Delhi and calls for people to work from home.
Smoke from crop fires is not the only contributor to the hazy skies in the region. Influxes of dust sometimes arrive from the Thar Desert to the west, as happened on October 31. An array of other human-caused sources of air pollution come from cities, including motor vehicle fumes, industrial and construction activity, fireworks, and fires for heating and cooking.
Measurements of particulate matter, including the small particles known as PM2.5, can be used as a proxy for air quality. According to one analysis of Delhi’s air pollution, stubble burning contributed 14 percent of PM2.5 in Delhi on November 1. Prior to the start of widespread crop fires, the percentage ranged from 1 to 3 percent.
Geography and weather also exacerbate the region’s air quality problems. Temperature inversions are common in November and December as air rolls off the Tibetan Plateau and mixes with smoky air from the Indo-Gangetic plain. An inversion can function like a lid, with the warm air trapping pollutants near the surface and helping hem pollutants in between the Himalayan Mountains to the north and the Vindhya Mountains to the south.
The crop-burning season is just beginning and typically continues for two to three weeks. Hiren Jethva, a senior research scientist with University of Maryland, Baltimore County and Morgan State University, uses satellite observations to monitor the fires each year. Based on measurements of the “greenness,” or Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), of the rice crop during the summer, he expects NASA’s Aqua satellite will observe about 15,000 fires by late-November, which would make this the 5th most active season since 2002 (following 2021, 2020, 2016, and 2012). As of November 2, Aqua had detected about 2,000 fires.
References & Resources
- Airnow (2022) New Delhi — PM2.5. Accessed November 2, 2022.
- Beig, G. et al. (2020) Objective evaluation of stubble emission of North India and quantifying its impact on air quality of Delhi. Science of the Total Environment, 709, 136126.
- Central Pollution Control Board (2021, November 11) Air Quality Index on Nov 01, 2022 @ 4 PM. Accessed November 2, 2022.
- Gupta, P. via Twitter (2022, November 1) Circle of #smog over #India and #Pakistan. Accessed November 2, 2022.
- Jethva, H. via Twitter (2022, November 1) Punjab-Haryana under “as usual burning scenario”. Accessed November 2, 2022.
- Jethva, H. et al. (2019) Connecting Crop Productivity, Residue Fires, and Air Quality over Northern India. Scientific Reports, 9 (1), 16594.
- NASA Earth Observatory (2014, November 14) Seasons of Indian Air Quality.
- Reuters (2022, November 1) Farm fires big culprit as Delhi air quality worsens. Accessed November 2, 2022
- Hindustan Times (2022, October 30) Punjab has 80% of stubble burning cases in North India: Central body. Accessed November 2, 2022.
- SAFAR-India (2021) Percent share of stubble burning in PM2.5 SAFAR-Model. Accessed November 2, 2022.
- World Air Quality Index (2022, November 1) Air Pollution: Real-time Air Quality Index (AQI). Accessed November 2, 2022.
NASA Earth Observatory image by Joshua Stevens , using VIIRS data from NASA EOSDIS/LANCE, GIBS/Worldview and the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership . Story by Adam Voiland .
