Guidance, Navigation, and Control Technology Assessment – Surface Guidance, Navigation and Control

Future planetary explorations envisioned by the National Research Council's (NRC's) Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022, developed at the request of NASA the Science Mission Directorate (SMD) Planetary Science Division (PSD), seek to reach targets of broad scientific interest across the solar system. This goal can be achieved by missions with next-generation capabilities such as innovative interplanetary trajectory solutions, highly accurate landings, the ability to be in close proximity to targets of interest, advanced pointing precision, multiple spacecraft in collaboration, multitarget tours, and advanced robotic surface exploration. Advancements in guidance, navigation, and control (GN&C) and mission design-ranging from software and algorithm development to new sensors-will be necessary to enable these future missions.

Spacecraft GN&C technologies have been evolving since the launch of the first rocket. Guidance is defined to be the onboard determination of the desired path of travel from the vehicle's current location to a designated target. Navigation is defined as the science behind transporting ships, aircraft, or spacecraft from place to place; particularly, the method of determining position, course, and distance traveled as well as the determination of the time reference. Control is defined as the onboard manipulation of vehicle steering controls to track guidance commands while maintaining vehicle pointing with the required precision. As missions become more complex, technological demands on GN&C increase, and so continuous technology progress is necessary. Recognizing the significance of this research, the NRC of the National Academies listed many GN&C technologies as top priorities in the recently released NASA Space Technology Roadmaps and Priorities: Restoring NASA's Technological Edge and Paving the Way for a New Era in Space.

This document-Part III, Surface Guidance, Navigation, and Control-is the third, and last, in a series of technology assessments evaluating the capabilities and technologies needed for future missions pursuing SMD PSD's scientific goals. These reports cover the status of technologies and provide findings and recommendations to NASA PSD for future needs in GN&C and mission design technologies. Part I covers planetary mission design in general, as well as the estimation and control of vehicle flight paths when flight path and attitude dynamics may be treated as decoupled or only loosely coupled (as is the case the majority of the time in a typical planetary mission). Part II, Onboard Guidance, Navigation, and Control, covers attitude estimation and control in general, as well as the estimation and control of vehicle flight paths when flight path and attitude dynamics are strongly coupled (as is the case during certain critical phases, such as entry, descent, and landing, in some planetary missions). Part III, Surface Guidance, Navigation, and Control, examines GN&C for vehicles that are not in free flight, but that operate on or near the surface of a natural body of the solar system. It should be noted that this is the first time that Surface GNC has been assessed and requirements given for future missions. Together, these documents provide the PSD with a roadmap for achieving science missions in the next decade.