APD’s technology development investments have advanced TRLs of dozens of technologies and led to 170 infusions and 66 potential infusions into space, suborbital, and ground-based missions and projects. Infusion here means that a technology was implemented in a mission/project (Implemented), baselined by a mission (Planned), or incorporated into a strategic mission concept’s reference design (Concepts/Studies). Technologies developed for strategic astrophysics missions often find applications beyond strategic missions, including Probes, Explorers, sub-orbital rockets, balloon missions, and ground-based projects. Further, applications aren’t limited to astrophysics, with technologies being infused into cross-cutting applications in Earth Science, Planetary Science, and Heliophysics.

Infusions resulting from APD funding to technology-maturation PIs (from Jan 2009 to Jul 2025; includes SAT/ISFM funding and APRA funding of SAT/ISFM PIs)

Infusions Breadth

236 infusions (implemented, upcoming, and potential):

Of 100 technologies

Into 117 mission/projects/funded studies

Across all four SMD Division disciplines and beyond

• Astrophysics (200)
• Earth Science (7)
• Planetary (9)
• Heliophysics (15)
• Other (5) (IF board for ONI, APS sensors for ePIC, mandrel for NIF, neutron microscope optics for NIST, and lab X-ray diagnostics of high-resolution inner-shell transition measurements)

69 infusions supporting 41 missions/projects/funded studies involving other

US/international agencies and bodies (with or without NASA involvement)

Infusions – Implemented (a)

Space Missions

Bautz: Directly deposited optical blocking filters flying on OSIRIS-REx/OSIRIS-APEX

Bongiorno: High-precision mirror shell alignment and mounting used for IXPE

Gaskin/Ramsey/Thomas/Bongiorno/Baumgartner/Champey: High-Energy Replicated Optics contributed to IXPE and SRG (ART-XC) optics

Kilbourne: Si-thermistor/HgTe microcalorimeter array flew on Hitomi and flying on XRISM

Klipstein: Phasemeter flying on GRACE Follow-On

Quijada: UV coatings flying on GOLD and ICON

Shirron: Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator (ADR) flew on Hitomi and flying on XRISM

Siegmund/Vallerga: APD-funded MCPs flying on ICON, GOLD, JUNO, JUICE, Solar Orbiter, and Europa Clipper

Thomas/Baumgartner: X-Ray test processes and techniques (off-loader, mounting, analysis, etc.) used for IXPE and SRG (ART-XC)

Zhang: Slumped-glass X-ray mirrors flying on NuStar

Sounding Rocket Missions

Bongiorno: High-precision mirror shell alignment and mounting used by FOXSI-4

Fleming: Electron-beam-lithography-ruled gratings flew on OAxFORTIS

Fleming: Image Slicer flew on INFUSE

Gaskin/Ramsey/Thomas/Bongiorno/Baumgartner/Champey: Electroformed X-ray mirror shells flew on FOXSI-4 and MaGIXS-2

Greenhouse: Next-gen microshutter arrays flew on OAxFORTIS

Gurgew: Single and multilayer coating techniques used by FOXSI-4

Hoenk: delta-doped SRI 2kx4k CMOS image sensors flew on SSAXI-Rocket and Hi-C Flare rocket

Kilbourne: Si-thermistor/HgTe microcalorimeter array flew on XQC

McEntaffer: X-ray reflection grating flew on WRXR and tREXS

Nikzad: ALD mirror coating flew on SISTINE

Nikzad: Superlattice-doped detector flew on SHIELDS

Quijada: Far-UV coatings flew on OAxFORTIS

Schattenburg/Heilmann: Blazed soft X-ray reflection grating flew on MaGIXS

Scowen: Next-gen microshutter arrays flew on OAxFORTIS

Siegmund/Vallerga: MCPs flew on FIRE, SLICE, EUNIS, FORTIS, VeSpR, CHESS, SISTINE, INFUSE, OAxFORTIS and DEUCE

Singam: Electroforming Process Modeling used by FOXSI-4

Thomas/Baumgartner: X-Ray test processes and techniques (off-loader, mounting, analysis, etc.) used by FOXSI-4

Ullom: TES microcalorimeters and Time-division SQUID multiplexers flew on Micro-X

Vallerga: Tpx3 CdTe detector flew on FOXSI-4

Vorobiev: DMDs flew on INFUSE

Infusions – Implemented (b)

Balloon Missions

Bennett: microwave SQUID multiplexer firmware and parameters flew on DR. TES

Bock: Antenna-coupled detectors flew on Spider

Gaskin/Ramsey/Thomas/Bongiorno/Baumgartner/Champey: Electroformed X-ray mirror shells flew on HEROES

Hu: 4.7 THz local oscillator flew on STO-2 and GUSTO

Mehdi: Heterodyne detectors flew on STO-2

Mehdi: Heterodyne-detector-related C&DH and ASIC flew on HASP

Nikzad: Advanced CCD detectors flew on FIREBall 2

Serabyn: Broadband Light Rejection with Optical Vortex Coronagraph flew on PICTURE-C

Staguhn: Far-IR large-format detectors flew on PIPER

Ullom: Time-division SQUID multiplexers flew on Spider and PIPER

Zmuidzinas: TiN KIDs were integrated into BLAST-TNG balloon mission

Airborne Experiments

Mosely: TES Bolometers for the HAWC+ flew on SOFIA

Ullom: Time-division SQUID multiplexers for the HAWC+ flew on SOFIA

Wollack: Absorptive mixtures and glint reduction coatings for HAWC+ flew on SOFIA

Balloon Missions

Bennett: microwave SQUID multiplexer firmware and parameters flew on DR. TES

Bock: Antenna-coupled detectors flew on Spider

Gaskin/Ramsey/Thomas/Bongiorno/Baumgartner/Champey: Electroformed X-ray mirror shells flew on HEROES

Hu: 4.7 THz local oscillator flew on STO-2 and GUSTO

Mehdi: Heterodyne detectors flew on STO-2

Mehdi: Heterodyne-detector-related C&DH and ASIC flew on HASP

Nikzad: Advanced CCD detectors flew on FIREBall 2

Serabyn: Broadband Light Rejection with Optical Vortex Coronagraph flew on PICTURE-C

Staguhn: Far-IR large-format detectors flew on PIPER

Ullom: Time-division SQUID multiplexers flew on Spider and PIPER

Zmuidzinas: TiN KIDs were integrated into BLAST-TNG balloon mission

Airborne Experiments

Mosely: TES Bolometers for the HAWC+ flew on SOFIA

Ullom: Time-division SQUID multiplexers for the HAWC+ flew on SOFIA

Wollack: Absorptive mixtures and glint reduction coatings for HAWC+ flew on SOFIA

Infusions – Implemented (c)

Ground-Based Projects

Bennett: microwave SQUID multiplexer crosstalk avoidance implemented at Simons Observatory

Bock: Antenna-coupled detectors were deployed on BICEP2, BICEP3/Keck, and BICEP Array

Bottom: Near-IR LmAPD implemented in UH 2.2m telescope ULBCam and Subaru

Bradford: Ultra-Sensitive Bolometers were deployed at Kitt’s Peak (TIME)

Guyon: Linear Wavefront Control deployed to Subaru observatory

Hoenk: delta-doped SRI 4kx4k CMOS image sensors implemented in CHaS on the MDM Observatory

Kolodziejczak: Mandrel used to form NIF X-ray microscope optic

Mauskopf: IF Board used in Toltec camera at LMT

Mawet: Spectrograph and Wavefront Control Architectures were deployed on Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer

Nikzad: Delta-doped CCDs at Palomar-WaSP and ZTF as permanent facilities

Ninkov: DMDs were deployed on the 4.1-m SOAR telescope

Ramsey/Thomas: Electroformed X-ray mirror shell techniques used for NIST Neutron Microscope optics

Schattenburg/Heilmann: X-ray CAT grating used at SAO lab for diagnostics of X-ray inner-shell transition measurements

Serabyn: Vortex coronagraph deployed to Palomar, Keck, and Subaru observatories

Staguhn: TES bolometers used in the IRAM bolometer camera at the IRAM 30m telescope

Ullom: Microwave SQUID multiplexers deployed on GBT MUSTANG2 and Simons Observatory

Ullom: OMT-coupled TES bolometers deployed on ABS, ACTPol, AdvancedACT, ALI-CPT, GBT MUSTANG2, SPTPol, and Simons Observatory

Ullom: TES bolometers deployed on JCMT SCUBA2

Ullom: Time-division SQUID multiplexers were deployed on ABS, ACT, ACTPol, AdvancedACT, BICEP2, BICEP3/Keck, and JCMT SCUBA2

Ullom: TiN KIDs were deployed on Toltec Camera at LMT

Wollack: Feedhorn-coupled symmetric-OMT architectures implemented on ABS, ACTpol, Advanced ACTpol, CLASS, and Simons Observatory

Wollack: Feedhorn-coupled symmetric-OMT focal planes and Absorptive mixtures and glint reduction coatings deployed on CLASS

Infusions – Upcoming (a)

Space Missions

Belikov: Multi-star Wavefront Sensing and Control to fly on RST (2027)

Conklin: Charge Management System (CMS) being developed as NASA contribution for LISA (2035)

Fleming: Protected eLiF mirror coatings and MCP anti-coincidence shielding to fly on SPRITE CubeSat (2025)

Fleming: Electron-beam-lithography-ruled gratings to be flown on MANTIS CubeSat (2028)

Hennessy: ALD UV coatings to fly on SPARCS (2025), SPRITE (2026), and Aspera (2026) CubeSats, and on UVEX (2030)

Hennessy: Multilayer aluminum dielectric filters for UV detectors to fly on SPARCS CubeSat (2025)

Hoenk: delta-doped SRI 4kx4k CMOS image sensors to fly on UVEX

Kasdin: Wavefront Control with two deformable mirrors baselined for RST

Kilbourne: TES Microcalorimeter arrays and Time-Domain Multiplexing (TDM) baselined for ATHENA (2037) X-IFU

Krist, Shaklan: End-to-end Coronagraph models baselined for RST

Lee: CMB detectors baselined for LiteBIRD (2032)

Livas: Telescope being developed as NASA contribution for LISA

Nikzad: Advanced CCD detectors baselined by SPARCS CubeSat

Quijada: Physical Vapor Deposition in support of Hennessy’s ALD UV Coatings to fly on SPRITE and Aspera CubeSats

Rauscher: H4RG IR detectors baselined for RST

Rauscher: Radiation-Tolerant, Photon-Counting, Visible and Near-IR Detectors to fly on DarkNESS CubeSat (2026) and DAVINCI (2029)

Siegmund/Vallerga: MCPs planned to fly on SPRITE, Aspera, GLIDE (2025), EUVST (2026), and MANTIS

Trauger: Hybrid Lyot Coronagraph baselined for RST

Vallerga: Timepix2 ASICs to fly on PADRE CubeSat (2025)

Wollack: Feedhorn-coupled symmetric-OMT architectures adopted by LiteBIRD

Yu: Laser technology being developed as NASA contribution for LISA

Infusions – Upcoming (b)

Sounding Rocket Missions

Fleming: Electron-beam-lithography-ruled gratings to be flown on MOBIUS (2027)

Gaskin/Ramsey/Thomas/Bongiorno/Baumgartner/Champey: Electroformed X-ray mirror shells to fly on REDSoX (2027)

Hennessy: Multilayer aluminum dielectric filters for UV detectors and ALD UV coatings to fly on FLUID (2026)

McEntaffer: X-ray reflection gratings to be flown on OGRE (2025)

Nikzad: EMCCDs to fly on SHIMCO sounding rocket (2027)

Schattenburg/Heilmann: X-ray CAT grating baselined for REDSoX

Siegmund/Vallerga: MCP detectors to fly on MOBIUS, and FLUID

Zhang: Single-crystal silicon X-ray mirrors to be flown on OGRE

Balloon Missions

Bradford: setup developed for Ultra-Sensitive Bolometers to fly on TIM (2026)

Gaskin/Ramsey/Thomas/Bongiorno/Baumgartner/Champey: Electroformed X-ray mirror shells to fly on SuperHERO (2028)

Goldsmith: Far-IR heterodyne technology to fly on ASTHROS (2025)

Mauskopf: RFSoC readout baselined for PUEO (2025), and TIM

Stahl: Arnold Mirror Modeler Tool and Structure Optimization Tool used for POEMM primary mirror

Airborne Experiments

Mauskopf: IF Board to be flown in ONR airborne KID instrument (~2026)

Ground-Based Projects

Caputo: AstroPix CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (APSs) to be implemented at the Electron-Proton/Ion Collider (ePIC) at BNL (2030s)

Mauskopf: RFSoC-based readout firmware to be used in Prime Cam camera at CCAT receivers (2025)

Staguhn: GISMO to be deployed to GLT (2025)

Ullom: OMT-coupled TES bolometers are the baseline technology for CMB-S4 (2030)

Vasisht: EPRV etalon will be deployed on Keck Planet Finder (2025)

Wollack: Feedhorn-coupled symmetric-OMT architectures adopted by CMB-S4

Infusions – Concept/Study DRMs

Space Missions

Bautz: Directly deposited optical blocking filters baselined for Lynx

Bautz: Advanced CCD detector baselined by AXIS Probe and Star-X Explorer (Phase 1 Study)

Belikov: Multi-star Wavefront Sensing and Control for HabEx and LUVOIR

Belikov: PIAACMC Coronagraph for HabEx and LUVOIR

Bierden: MEMS deformable mirrors are baselined for HabEx and LUVOIR

Bock/O’Brient: CMB detectors and antenna-coupled detectors baselined for PICO

Bradford: Ultrasensitive Far-IR Kinetic Inductance Detector Arrays baselined for the PRIMA IR Probe concept

Fleming: MCP Anti-coincidence shielding baselined for LUVOIR

Gaskin/Ramsey/Thomas/Bongiorno/Baumgartner/Champey: Electroformed X-ray mirror shells baselined by ESCAPE

Greenhouse: Next-gen microshutter arrays baselined for HabEx, LUVOIR, and CETUS Probe

Guyon: Linear wavefront control for HabEx and LUVOIR

Guyon: Predictive wavefront control and sensor fusion for HabEx and LUVOIR

Hall (Bottom): Avalanche Photodiode HgCdTe NIR detectors baselined for HabEx and LUVOIR

Hoenk: delta-doped SRI 4kx4k CMOS image sensors baselined by CASTOR (CSA funded study for 2030 launch)

Kaaret: High-precision mirror shell alignment and mounting baselined by APRA-funded Lobster-Eye Telescope Development Study

Kasdin, Casement, Glassman, Cash: Starshade technologies baselined for Starshade-RST Rendezvous Probe

Lee: CMB detectors baselined for PICO

Mauskopf: Low-power FPGA-based readout electronics for superconducting arrays baselined for PICO, Origins, GEP, and Cosmic Dawn

McEntaffer: Low-blaze-angle grating baselined by ESCAPE (funded Phase A study)

Nikzad: Delta-doped EMCCDs baselined for HabEx

Nikzad: Delta-doped CMOS detector arrays baselined for LUVOIR

Schattenburg: CAT X-ray gratings baselined for Lynx

Schattenburg: Thermal oxide coating-stress compensation for Lynx, AXIS Probe, and TAP Probe mirrors

Serabyn: Vortex Coronagraph baselined for HabEx and LUVOIR

Siegmund/Vallerga: Cross-strip MCP detector systems baselined for HabEx, LUVOIR, and CETUS

Siegmund/Vallerga: MCP detectors are baselined for HabEx, LUVOIR, CETUS, ESCAPE and MAGIC (funded studies)

Singam: Electroforming Process Modeling used for MiXO for CubeX

Soummer: Apodized Pupil Lyot Coronagraph baselined for LUVOIR

Staguhn: Superconducting kilo-pixel far-IR detector architecture baselined for Origins

Stahl: PTC is expected to serve as a pathfinder for zonal thermal control in HabEx

Thomas/Baumgartner: X-Ray test processes and techniques (off-loader, mounting, analysis, etc.) used for MiXO for CubeX

Tuttle/Jahromi/Kimball: Continuous ADR is baselined for Lynx, Origins, PICO, GEP, and PRIMA

Ullom: Microwave SQUID multiplexers baselined for Lynx and Origins

Ullom: Time-division SQUID multiplexers baselined for PICO

Zhang: Single-crystal-silicon X-ray mirrors baselined for Lynx, AXIS, TAP Probe, and STAR-X (funded MidEx study)

Ziemer: Micro-Newton thrusters are baselined for HabEx fine pointing and jitter suppression

Infusion-Ready (TRL 5)

Space Missions

Burrows: Fast X-ray Event Recognition

Figer: A Single-Photon-Sensing and Photon-Number-Resolving Detector for NASA Missions (Quanta Image Sensor)